 |
|
| Author |
 Topic  |
|
Janko
Gambia
1267 Posts |
 Posted - 04 Sep 2013 : 18:30:18
|
Fulbe Africa clocks 1
Tuesday, September 03, 2013
Fulas in The Gambia on Saturday celebrated Fulbe Africa first anniversary at a ceremony held at the Father Farel hall at West Field. FULBE is a general name for the Fula ethnic group and the celebration brought together Fulas in The Gambia to discuss and share ideas about Fula origin and culture.
Speaking at the ceremony, Maitre Adama Baldeh, the Fula International Ambassador from Kolda in Casamance, Senegal thanked the organizers of the programme for the initiative, while describing it a very important not only for the present generation but also generations to come.
Baldeh whose knowledge on Fula culture and history enable him to travel far and wide to address Fula gatherings, said it is their responsibility to preserve their rich culture as it has so many things that they can benefit from.
For his part, Samba Bah, an assistant lecturer at the University of the Gambia, revealed that FULBE AFRICA is an online organization formed by a Gambian-British soldier through Facebook. According to him, Fulbe Africa joined people from ten different countries and they are the Fulbe Africa Gambia chapter, adding that the main aim of organising this group on Facebook is to bring Fulanis together to share ideas.
He affirmed that members of the Fulbe Africa research their culture and share it with others in the group. “So we think it is wise to organize this programme to celebrate our culture and keep it for other generations to come,” he said.
Lamin Saidyba, a veteran Fula language broadcaster at GRTS said it is their collective responsibility to preserve their culture and language. He described the initiative as very important because it reminds the youth, of their past and lays a foundation for generations to come. He further advised the youths to be disciplined, hardworking and dutiful to their country.
Author: Samba Jawo
|
Clean your house before pointing a finger ... Never be moved by delirious Well-wishers in their ecstasy |
|
|
Momodou
Denmark
11714 Posts |
Posted - 11 Sep 2013 : 21:04:12
|
Tribalism is evil
|
A clear conscience fears no accusation - proverb from Sierra Leone |
 |
|
|
Janko
Gambia
1267 Posts |
Posted - 12 Sep 2013 : 00:10:01
|
Thanks Momodou
for linking this to a previous topic on Bantaba.
It seems as if this issue is growing wings in all direction.
Gambia |
Clean your house before pointing a finger ... Never be moved by delirious Well-wishers in their ecstasy |
Edited by - Janko on 12 Sep 2013 00:37:34 |
|
|
|
dbaldeh
USA
934 Posts |
Posted - 18 Sep 2013 : 21:23:51
|
I respectfully disagree that celebrating FULBE Africa is related to tribalism. There is a difference between promoting your tribe and culture from tribalism. Any tribe would be happy to promote and maintain their heritage and culture and I happen to believe that this is the purpose of Fulbe Africa.
Personally I have learned a lot from this organization though am not an official member. I never knew that many Fulbe (fulas) exist in West Africa and they all speak very similar dialects. The face book page
https://www.facebook.com/groups/370602259676359/ which I subscribe to is incredibly informative. Check the face book page and see some of the interesting question on how many different fulas call certain things. This is educative!
So I think it is misplaced for Uncle Momodou who I respect greatly to associate this organization with tribalism. Tribalism is a form of hatred against another tribe. Promoting once tribe should never be equated with hatred. It is not the name that matters... if we apply the same logic then Bantaba, Gainako, Kibarro etc. would be regarded as tribalism as well. See what am saying.. It is what we do here or with the organization that matters. I hope I make sense.
|
Baldeh,
"Be the change you want to see in the world" Ghandi
Visit http://www.gainako.com for your daily news and politics |
Edited by - dbaldeh on 18 Sep 2013 21:31:51 |
|
|
|
Momodou
Denmark
11714 Posts |
Posted - 19 Sep 2013 : 08:19:47
|
Demba, I must admit being too lazy when I responded to Janko's posting. I provided a link to a topic where the issue of Language Groups had been comprehensively discussed earlier here, without any comment which I now see could be misunderstood, as English is not our first language.
The only knowledge I know about this organisation is the Daily Observer article above. Perhaps I should have asked if the issue has any relation to the topic "http://www.gambia.dk/forums/topic.asp?ARCHIVE=true&TOPIC_ID=8490" and let the ball roll for a new discussion.
However, I culled the following meanings of Tribalism from a quick search in Google for you to see that its not only "a form of hatred against another tribe":
1. A strong feeling of identity with and loyalty to one's tribe or group.
2.The organization, culture, or beliefs of a tribe.
----------------
1. (Social Science / Anthropology & Ethnology) the state of existing as a separate tribe or tribes
2. (Social Science / Anthropology & Ethnology) the customs and beliefs of a tribal society
3. (Social Science / Anthropology & Ethnology) loyalty to a tribe or tribal values
-------------------
1. the customs and beliefs of tribal life and society.
2. strong loyalty to one's own group.
----------------
|
A clear conscience fears no accusation - proverb from Sierra Leone |
|
|
|
Janko
Gambia
1267 Posts |
Posted - 20 Sep 2013 : 00:29:35
|
Thanks guys
Uncle dbaldeh, I think Momodous link(s) gives a more general definition of tribe(sm), for it is not only when hatred is expressed that there is tribalism.
Secondly, when a Facebook idea gives reason for celebration, then the idea has gotten life (the Arab-spring etc.). And that the idea is on Facebook does not minimize its strength of influence. In fact the idea becomes more potent.
Lastly, if the online papers and the forum (Bantaba) you mentioned are tribalistic or not; is a matter of, who that cap fits. Let me explain.
It is well known Gambia is and has been having an open door immigration policy, long before the existence of the first republic. The Second World War veterans, who were recruited in the Gambia, were a mixture of Gambians and others from neighboring countries. On returning from the war they assumed Gambian citizenship without opposition.
These socializers are not like my cousins who would tell off anyone trying to make reference to their language-group as an identity-marker and not their qualification and aptitude.
Their reaction would be – I am Gambian!
Their reluctance is based on the argument that they cannot forgo their experience and immediacy to nurture such a distant idea.
This is not a celebration of diversity but “homogeneity” and separatism, going against the idea of a national identity; where “we praise our diverse peoples, to prove man’s brotherhood.” The irony is, the socializers identify themselves more with the idea of “Foulbé” than the idea of the nation-state, Gambia, which nurtured, educated, gave them their livelihood and even the platform on which they declare and celebrate their dissimilarity.
Why now, why is there a need to distinguish Foulbé from the rest? In times when we are doing everything in our power to de-politicize ethnicity, and stop politicians from using language/ethnicity as a divisive force?
That “Foulbé" Africa/Gambia in itself seeks fellowship, connectedness, like-mindedness, affinity and affiliation outside the nation-state, raises questions of identity and self-understanding. Are the Foulbé more disadvantaged, penalised or disfavoured, less privileged than other groups in the Gambia? Is the idea of language homogeneity more significant than nationality or more promising than the idea of a nation-state? Or is this an expression of hopelessness. That after 50 years of independence there is no hope that Gambia/Africa can embrace the idea of nationhood.
It was a university lecturer that stimulated the idea of IVOIRITÈ. His intention in the beginning was to define an identity for all Ivoirians living in the country. The well-intended idea got bewitched in the political process and sadly ended up driving Ivoirians apart and in the recent mess. The satanic prophecy implicated in the idea made a distinction similar to the one “Foulbé Africa” is insinuating. The similarity between the two is that both are spearheaded by university lecturers. And both beliefs in the reality that it is a common WE that counts, a notion of exclusion based on language meant to divide rather than unite. I wonder what is there to be gained in promoting exclusion. Did our lecturer thought about the socio-political implications of the idea of Foulbé Africa. Would our good lecturer deny that the idea was not politically constructed to inflame lingual/ethnic distinction? Or install an imagination of linguistic/ethnic nationalism in the minds of those associated with it, or to gain some kind of favour or power? Would he? Secondly, a university lecturer with such an ethnic lens will not threat his/her students equal.
The debate should be about the idea of ONE GAMBIA ONE PEOPLE and all efforts directed to find progressive and not crippling tribalizing discourse.
|
Clean your house before pointing a finger ... Never be moved by delirious Well-wishers in their ecstasy |
|
|
|
dbaldeh
USA
934 Posts |
Posted - 20 Sep 2013 : 21:41:31
|
quote:
Originally posted by Momodou
Demba, I must admit being too lazy when I responded to Janko's posting. I provided a link to a topic where the issue of Language Groups had been comprehensively discussed earlier here, without any comment which I now see could be misunderstood, as English is not our first language.
The only knowledge I know about this organisation is the Daily Observer article above. Perhaps I should have asked if the issue has any relation to the topic "http://www.gambia.dk/forums/topic.asp?ARCHIVE=true&TOPIC_ID=8490" and let the ball roll for a new discussion.
However, I culled the following meanings of Tribalism from a quick search in Google for you to see that its not only "a form of hatred against another tribe":
1. A strong feeling of identity with and loyalty to one's tribe or group.
2.The organization, culture, or beliefs of a tribe.
----------------
1. (Social Science / Anthropology & Ethnology) the state of existing as a separate tribe or tribes
2. (Social Science / Anthropology & Ethnology) the customs and beliefs of a tribal society
3. (Social Science / Anthropology & Ethnology) loyalty to a tribe or tribal values
-------------------
1. the customs and beliefs of tribal life and society.
2. strong loyalty to one's own group.
----------------
Uncle Momodou, much respect as always... clearly if we are to go by the definitions you provided then we all have been irresponsibly using the term tribalism as being evil. If not taken out of context the following statements you provided bears no arm...
1. A strong feeling of identity with and loyalty to one's tribe or group. (how is loyalty to one's identity bad?)
2.The organization, culture, or beliefs of a tribe.
1. the customs and beliefs of tribal life and society.
2. strong loyalty to one's own group.
Non of these are necessarily bad unless they are used against other groups. So as you said the word tribalism is then subject to interpretation!
Uncle Janko, as always your historical perspectives are informative and educative.
I wanted to take you on a little bit on this idea of Gambianism neglecting or suppressing our individual history and identity not only as Gambian nationals but as people historically belonging to different ethic groups.
I always like to make reference or comparison to more advance and open societies like the UK, US Ghana etc just to mention a few... In the United States for example, Nationality and loyalty to nation is strong but they celebrate and promote diversity to the extent of incorporating it not only into their governing policies but general practice in any sector of society including businesses, educational institutions etc. That is what makes the United States a great nation...
So why we Gambians are in fear of celebrating and promoting our diversity is beyond me. As far as am concern am a proud Gambian and my national duties takes precedence over my tribal, ethic or social bearing. But make no mistake... am proud of my fulani heritage and grateful for the diversity. And that's the way it is supposed to be for everybody who is loyal to nation and proud of who they are...
We can promote nationalism, embrace our diversity and preserve our cultural heritage. This in itself makes us a stronger society contrary to your fears. So I think we need to educate our people on these matters rather than be dismissive or waving the fear factor...
We are a nation consisting of different tribes and cultures and there is nothing we can do to erase that reality. It is neither our making nor our choice... It is who we are as a people..
FYI, the promotion of fulbe Africa has been in existence since the time I was a toddler or even before. Although it never had the kind of publicity it has now due to social media and globalization. Again we should embrace our differences and celebrate our commonality... We got nothing to fear except evil and when evil pops its head we should nip it where it belongs regardless of where it comes from... Happy Friday..
|
Baldeh,
"Be the change you want to see in the world" Ghandi
Visit http://www.gainako.com for your daily news and politics |
|
|
|
Janko
Gambia
1267 Posts |
Posted - 03 Oct 2013 : 11:35:24
|
The argument is membership in a language group should not be more renounce or important than citizenship. It all boils down to narration, how we tell the story and represent reality in description, and how we socialize our children into being citizens or members of a language group. It is a question of choice; to describe the conditions with the intention to inspire our modern identity or cling to the sentimentality of whom, we think (told), we once were.
In how many fraternities can one be a true member, at the same time?
My position in the “diversity discourse” is to focus on the common historical experience we share and not the secluded historical memory of language. It is a challenge, I agree, however, that is not a bigger challenge than nurturing the idea of Fulbé, or Wolofs, or Mandingkas, hence they are more distant in time, unless one sympathizes consciously or unconsciously, more with a particular language group than the nation state, our time, here and now.
We should be mindful not to underrate the power of social media and imagination.
All nation states are imaginary and in the same way, communities and fraternities are. Facebook produces imagined communities, through usually targeting a mass audience and addressing likeminded members as the public. Imagined community is different from an actual community, because is not based on everyday existence, face-to-face interaction. For example, a nation state is a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of it. It all starts in the mind, then gradually becomes reality, just as Facebook has been the fire that kept the Arab-spring burning.
It is one thing to be inspired by an idea but quite another to be consumed by it.
Foulbé Africa is similarly a socially constructed community, an imagined political community. Members hold in their minds a mental image of their kinship. Kinship, is imagined because the members of even the smallest fraternity will never know most of their fellow-members, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their relationship. They have similar interests, identify as part of the same fraternity.
I think, at some point, if our intention is to cultivate a national identity, a sense of oneness, we have to shift focus from the historical memory of individual language groups to a common historical experience we share. You and I are more familiar with the modern history of Gambia as a nation state than we are with the history of our individual language groups. We, as Gambians, have more in common (passport, cultural practice, education, rites etc.) than we have with our language groups.
In USA and England, color and race forms the basis of diversity not language, which is why the idea of a “melting pot” became the mantra of social engineering to accomplish harmony. The problem with the melting pot idea is that it is hegemonic hence it advocates assimilation, that all people should assimilate to particular sets of norms designed by the white minority. The Gambian situation is more integrated; Gambians share not only a long history of a deep going interrelationship between her peoples but also share social, moral values. Let me explain how.
Gambians do not only speak each other’s languages but have intermarried and developed forms of synchronicity under a very long period, since time immemorial. This prevailing conceptual relationship of minds does not only provide an unbreakable bond but also a collective imagination essential for nation building. Let us focus on that collective imagination. This is what have built and continues to build nation states.
To arrive at the height of national consciousness supposes a narration focused on the common historical experience. My wish is that we coin stories determined to illustrate the dynamics, the people’s constant redefinition of themselves and their cultural practices that intellectually go well with the constant changes occurring in time and space, here and now. History itself is dynamic and to cling on to historical memory as if it has been stagnant is not only idealistic but also romantic. Hence, it breeds the feeling of nothing has changed since time began and that it was better before.
A story that is true to situation explains language groups in terms of achievement. This perspective most of the time focuses on what we share. This is a view that describes and discusses the objectives of the nation state to cultivate oneness and it generates new knowledge and insight. However, a story based on historical memory discusses the nation state in terms of language groups, race, religion, and tribe. This perception does not generate new knowledge or insight; hence, it only has historical references that have no bearing in reality.
The idea of Fulbé Africa has nothing to do with Gambia. The idea is not focus on the problem of diversity in any specific country. Rather the idea advocates for homogeneity by encouraging the articulation of a specific “language-group-identity”. This position or mindset does not encourage unanimity, oneness within any country but outlines and strengthens the sense of us, Fulbé in Africa, not in Gambia or Senegal, or Mali, or Guinea Conakry not in any single country in Africa, for that matter.
In this era of, globalization and changing cultural values and images, our responsibility is to influence progress through stories that portray true-life experiences representative of the peoples to enhance positive and collective consciousness. For example, to illustrate and examine the depth of our conceptual relationship of minds would give us knowledge about the new that is growing.
|
Clean your house before pointing a finger ... Never be moved by delirious Well-wishers in their ecstasy |
Edited by - Janko on 03 Oct 2013 11:36:35 |
|
|
|
sankalanka
270 Posts |
Posted - 03 Oct 2013 : 17:36:03
|
My position in the “diversity discourse” is to focus on the common historical experience we share and not the secluded historical memory of language. It is a challenge, I agree, however, that is not a bigger challenge than nurturing the idea of Fulbé, or Wolofs, or Mandingkas, hence they are more distant in time, unless one sympathizes consciously or unconsciously, more with a particular language group than the nation state, our time, here and now."
Janko, if the Gambia evolved into what we all envision it to be, all these issues about tribal affiliations and allegiances will be secondary. They will still be there but will not be as divisive and as bad as we are perceiving them to be.
Human society, especially one that is govern by diverse interest like the Gambia, is continually in a state of struggle. That is why we have groups that emerge to promote and sustain the interest of the groups they represent.
There is a natural tendency for people who by accidents of history are geographically placed within a heterogeneous entity, which is defined by a set of beliefs, values and a shared linkage to a common attribute, to appeal to others who share the same to come together to strengthen and solidify their position. Especially if there is a conflict situation. These are factors that have shaped human relations.
Notwithstanding, people who are the nation-state belong to different groupings, tribes. They belong to different interest groups. They share different loyalties. They have different social and other interest persuasions.
And since all these people are destined to live together in the geographical space that we call the Gambia, to interact with one another, to pursue their different social organizations, their culture and their religion in an atmosphere of peace and tolerance, then there must a way in which they can cohabit peacefully.
This is where the fundamentals of the nation-state, its building block, comes into our perspective.
People are naturally endowed with the gift of life; nobody should take this gift from them unless it is prescribe by law. People should have the liberty to do whatever pleases them, unless such a liberty trample on the liberty of others. Therefore everyone should exercise their liberty or do whatever they want with limitation, so that the state of nature where might is power and only the fittest survive will not reign supreme.
The desire for people to live peacefully together, to put the resources that belong to all so that it will benefit all, necessitated an arrangement that underline the whole concept of democracy.
People have to subordinate their rights and their freedom to a piece of paper in which rights and obligations, duties and responsibilities for all are outlined. Not the piece of paper, arguably, in which it is not worth the ink that it is written on.
This piece of paper, that is worth the ink that it is written on, is a constitution. This is the piece of paper that a nation and its people owes allegiance to. This is the piece of paper that should promote stability and goodwill. It is the piece of paper that should hold a nation together, so that all our other fears would be unfounded.
The relevance of concepts such as national interest, national identity and national unity should provide the intellectual basis through which a constitution is superimposed and evolved a national character.
Thus what we need to ask is how to begin the process of building the institutions and structures that would evolve a true democratic culture, the rule of law and the fundamental principles and obligations that guide the development of a national character that celebrate our diversity and strengthen our commonality.
Enjoy reading your piece. |
|
|
|
Janko
Gambia
1267 Posts |
Posted - 04 Oct 2013 : 10:56:13
|
Thanks Sankalanka,
I agree, it is a thin line and that we cannot get reed of group thinking, interest group, language group and so forth and as you said, we need strong institutions to be able to sideline the THEM and WE mindset. Nevertheless, it is our obligation to explore what we have in common, historical experience.
What I fear most, is the university lecturer being one of the spearheads in publicly manifesting allegiance with a specific language-group. Would that lecturer treat all students alike?
If not, what consequence would that have for education and by extension the development of Gambia?
|
Clean your house before pointing a finger ... Never be moved by delirious Well-wishers in their ecstasy |
|
|
|
sankalanka
270 Posts |
Posted - 04 Oct 2013 : 15:31:38
|
Thanks Sankalanka,
"I agree, it is a thin line and that we cannot get reed of group thinking, interest group, language group and so forth and as you said, we need strong institutions to be able to sideline the THEM and WE mindset."
Janko, the group thinking, interest groups, language groups and so forth will always be there. And within these groupings, there are always individuals who have a natural disposition to appeal, to arouse, to incite and to exhort other members of these groups into organized activities not so much as to advance the groups interest but to further their own selfish interest.
But if we have strong democratic institutions and constitutional arrangements, it will make it difficult even if such people were to assume political control and power, for them to be wholly responsive to these group interest tendencies.
"Nevertheless, it is our obligation to explore what we have in common, historical experience."
I agree. And this is where people of conscience who are motivated by a desire to end human suffering and exploitation, will transcend the barriers of tribe, group thinking, language grouping, religious bigotry etc to develop a systematic approach that would address and satisfy the needs and aspirations of the people.
"What I fear most, is the university lecturer being one of the spearheads in publicly manifesting allegiance with a specific language-group."
Your fears are totally legitimate. We saw what happened in Rwanda and other places, where people exploit these shared linkages to a language grouping or tribal grouping to appeal to these constituents base instincts to create mayhem. We should always guard against such eventualities.
But if we have laws that are constitutionally oriented to favor one interest group against another; if we have laws that allow one interest group to monopolize power and be able to manipulate and order the dynamic of our relations to each other, then we have created the possibilities for the university professor in your anecdote to publicly spearhead manifestations of allegiance to a specific language group.
"Would that lecturer treat all students alike?"
If that person is so misguided in his/her outlook and orientation to the whole question of tribal affinity and language-group mentality, most probably he/she will not treat all students alike. I agree with your observation.
"If not, what consequence would that have for education and by extension the development of Gambia?"
If this was the case severe. I hope the orientation that is there for the past several years will help us all to transcend our ethnic and tribal loyalties and pledge our firm allegiance to the Gambia. |
|
|
|
Janko
Gambia
1267 Posts |
Posted - 05 Oct 2013 : 00:45:59
|
quote:
For his part, Samba Bah, an assistant lecturer at the University of the Gambia, revealed that FULBE AFRICA is an online organization formed by a Gambian-British soldier through Facebook. According to him, Fulbe Africa joined people from ten different countries and they are the Fulbe Africa Gambia chapter, adding that the main aim of organising this group on Facebook is to bring Fulanis together to share ideas.
He affirmed that members of the Fulbe Africa research their culture and share it with others in the group. “So we think it is wise to organize this programme to celebrate our culture and keep it for other generations to come,” he said.
Lamin Saidyba, a veteran Fula language broadcaster at GRTS said it is their collective responsibility to preserve their culture and language. He described the initiative as very important because it reminds the youth, of their past and lays a foundation for generations to come. He further advised the youths to be disciplined, hardworking and dutiful to their country.
sankalanka,
my anecdote, if you like, is not a fiction but reality as reported by the Daily Observer, above. |
Clean your house before pointing a finger ... Never be moved by delirious Well-wishers in their ecstasy |
Edited by - Janko on 05 Oct 2013 00:52:50 |
|
|
|
sankalanka
270 Posts |
Posted - 05 Oct 2013 : 06:45:46
|
sankalanka,
"my anecdote, if you like, is not a fiction but reality as reported by the Daily Observer, above."
Janko, I didn't realize that your reference to the professor in your narrative was to the report by the Daily Observer. I can understand why the misgiving.
Is this the first time that an initiative of this kind was organized on a higher level?
I am aware of smaller groups in local and community settings. Groups of this kind may have their motivations and that by itself does not pose any harm. Since their motivation is cultural then that is what it is. If it is political then it can become something else.
|
|
|
|
Janko
Gambia
1267 Posts |
|
|
toubab1020
12309 Posts |
Posted - 05 Oct 2013 : 17:10:33
|
Don't do politics but let me just observe ,changes are afoot, what I have no idea, but for the D.O. to publish articles of a type a few weeks ago would have led to "action being taken" is surprising.
The usual cry "racial slurs against the West and so on." If that is so then why on earth would so many from foreign lands risk DEATH to go to these western Raciest countries to live a better life?,talking for talking sake get noticed politics, Agghhhh....
OK I know it's the Daily mail, Guardian readers will be chocking on their tea if they are reading this posting on Bantaba in cyberspace
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2444747/Syrians-desperate-reach-Britain-flocking-Calais-threatening-kill-unless-allowed-in.html
I long for a truthful,hunger free, non greedy, non selfish,honest,loving,peaceful world.NO HOPE AT ALL OF THAT HAPPENING!!!!
Written my piece ,I am gone from this topic, carry on discussing,sorry to disturb you folks.
quote:
Originally posted by Janko
sankalanka,
the interesting thing is where do we draw the line between Culture and Politics: what is Culture? What is the difference between Culture and Politics? What I find fascinating is, the article was published by Daily Observer of all media outlets.
There is a new development in Gambia as we speak.
SG Momodou Sabally has just finished reading a strongly worded statement charged with tribal undertones; racial slurs against the West and so on....
|
"Simple is good" & I strongly dislike politics. You cannot defend the indefensible.
|
Edited by - toubab1020 on 05 Oct 2013 17:51:12 |
|
|
|
sankalanka
270 Posts |
Posted - 06 Oct 2013 : 18:19:37
|
sankalanka,
"the interesting thing is where do we draw the line between Culture and Politics: what is Culture? What is the difference between Culture and Politics? What I find fascinating is, the article was published by Daily Observer of all media outlets."
Where do we draw the line between culture and politics? I believe they are two different phenomenon that could affect the same people but differently.
Culture is a distinct way in which people can live differently; it is a way of life for a people. It embodies their norms, their values, their customs and their traditions.
Take for instance the way Gambians celebrate the birth of a child in any of our cultures; it could be the same everywhere regardless of whether those Gambian live in the Gambia, the United States, the United Kingdom or elsewhere.
Secondly, the artifacts and the outward symbols of any given culture are the concrete manifestations of an experience in the past whether for good or ill.
There are patterns of social behavior in people which are characteristic of members who belong to certain cultures. Thus we have language, customs, traditions etc.
Politics is both an art and a science. It is an art of persuasion; to win the hearts and minds of a people. It is a science of organization; to exert control over a community of people particularly a state.
Thus there is a framework that defines acceptable political methods within a given society. Within these acceptable methods are political systems, political parties etc. Politics, therefore, is more encompassing.
|
|
|
|
Topic |
|
|
|
| Bantaba in Cyberspace |
© 2005-2024 Nijii |
|
|
|
Fulbe Africa clocks 1
